Citizenship:

Vocabulary 

This is a list of vocabulary items related to citizenship

Citizenship:

It is membership in a political community (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation as well as duties (responsibilities) towards the good of the whole community.

Active citizenship:

"Active citizenship" is the philosophy that citizens should work towards the betterment (improvement) of their community through economic participation, public service, volunteer work, and other such efforts to improve life for all citizens. In this vein, schools in some countries provide citizenship education.

Active citizen:

A citizen who takes an active role in the community (as in crime prevention and neighborhood watch)

Citizen:

A person having a membership in a political community is a citizen enjoying rights and exercising obligations (duties, responsibilities)

Civic behavior:

The behavior citizens are expected to demonstrate in their daily lives.
Collective work to clean your neighborhood, helping lost strangers to find their ways, leaving your bus seat for an old person... can be considered as civic behavior.

Civic engagement:

Positive involvement in the affairs (social, political, and economic) of the home town, country, state ... Civic engagement can take many forms- from individual volunteerism to organizational involvement to electoral participation. It can include efforts to directly address an issue, work with others in a community to solve a problem or interact with the institutions of representative democracy.

Civic culture:

The way good citizens should behave.

Civic values:

The beliefs people have about what is right and wrong and what is most important, which control their civic behavior

Civic consciousness:

Awareness of civic behavior, good citizenship.

Civicism:

The principle of civil government. The doctrine that all citizens have the same rights and obligations.

Civic duty:

An act or a course of action that is required of one by position, social custom, law, or religion.
Moral obligation to fulfill one's responsibilities. 
The social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force; "we must instill a sense of duty in our children"; "every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty"- John D.Rockefeller Jr

Community:

a. A group of people living in the same locality and under the same government.
b. The district or locality in which such a group lives.

Community service:

Work that people do to help other people without payment.
Some young criminals whose crime is not serious enough for them to be put in prison are sometimes ordered to do community service.

Country:

It is a political unit. An area of land that has its own government, army, etc:
"Which is the largest country in Europe?"
"Sri Lanka is my native country, but I've been living in Belgium for the past five years."

Cooperation:

When you work together with someone or do what they ask you:
There's very little cooperation between the neighbors.

Election:

A time when people vote in order to choose someone for a political or official job:
"The Government is expected to call an election (= allow the country to vote) very soon."
"The first election results have started to come in."

Election campaign:

The period of weeks immediately before an election when politicians try to persuade people to vote for them.

Dual nationality / citizenship:

The nationality of two countries at the same time:
"Dual British and American nationality"

Non-profit organization:

A non-profit organization (abbreviated "NPO", also "non-profit" or "not-for-profit") is a legally constituted organization whose primary objective is to support or to actively engage in activities of public or private interest without any commercial or monetary profit purposes. NPOs are active in a wide range of areas, including the environment, humanitarian aid, animal protection, education, the arts, social issues, charities, early childhood education, health care, politics, religion, research, sports or other endeavors.

Patriotism:

Love of and devotion to one's country.
A devoted love, support, and defense of one’s country; national loyalty. — patriot, n. — patriotic, adj.

State:

A country or its government:
"The drought is worst in the central African states."
"Britain is one of the member states of the European Union."
"The government was determined to reduce the number of state-owned industries."

Vote:

To express your choice or opinion, especially by officially marking a paper or by raising your hand or speaking in a meeting:
"She was too young to vote in the national election."

Volunteerism:

Volunteerism is the willingness of people to work on behalf of others without the expectation of pay or other tangible gain. Volunteers may have special training as rescuers, guides, assistants, teachers ... But the majority work because they recognize a need and fill it, whether it be the dramatic search for a lost child or the mundane giving of directions to a lost visitor. In economics, voluntary employment is unpaid employment. It may be done for altruistic reasons, for example charity, as a hobby, community service or vocation, or for the purpose of gaining experience.
Volunteers engage in voluntary work

Functions

 Advice

Asking for advice:

I've got a bad toothache. What do you suggest? What do you advise me to do?

What should I do? What ought I to do? What's your advice?

If you were me what would you do?

Giving advice

If I were you, I would go to the dentist. Why don't you go to the dentist? You'd better brush your teeth regularly.

You ought to/should avoid eating sweets.

If you take my advice, you'll go to the dentist.

It might be a good idea to brush your teeth on a regular basis. I advise you to brush your teeth on a regular basis.

Have you thought about seeing a dentist?

Grammar

 Reported Speech

Direct speech vs. Reported speech:

Direct speech		Reported speech
She says: "I like tuna fish."		She says that she likes tuna fish.

She said: "I'm visiting Paris next weekend"		She said that she was visiting Paris the following weekend.

Reporting Verbs:

If the reporting verb (say, tell, ask…) is

·         in the present, there is no change in tense although other changes may ccur;

·      in the past, tense as well as other changes occur.

Direct speech

Reported speech

(no backshift)“I write poems.”He says that he writes poems. (backshift) “I write poems.”He said that he wrote poems.

Direct Speech

Reported Speech

Simple Present He said: "I am happy" Present Progressive He said: "I'm looking for my keys" Simple Past      He said: "I visited New York last year" Present Perfect         He said: " I've lived here for a long time " Past Perfect       He said: "They had finished the work when I arrived" Past Progressive           He  said: "I was playing football when the accident occurred" Present Perfect Progressive He said:"I have been playing football for two hours."

Simple Past He said that he was happy Past Progressive He said that he was looking for his keys Past Perfect Simple         He said that he had visited New York the previous year. Past Perfect He said that he had lived there for a long time Past Perfect       He said that they had finished the work when he had arrived" Past Perfect Progressive      He said that he had been playing football when the accident had occurred Past Perfect Progressive     He said that he had been playing football for two hours

تصنيف : انجليزية