Gifts of Youth

Gifts of Youth

Vocabulary 

Qualities of youth:

Adjective	Noun
Enthusiastic	Enthusiasm
Courageous	Courage
Brave	Braveness
Audacious	Audacity
Adventurous	Adventure
Innovative	Innovation
Creativity	Creative
Vigorous	Vigor
Strong	Strength
Energetic	Energy
Powerful	Power
Vivacious	Vivacity
Talented	Talent
Skillful	Skill
Able	Ablity
Capable	Capacity
Generation gap: Youths think adults are… Adults think youths are.. old fashioned careless intolerant rebellious mean obstinate severe careless nosy thoughtless bossy immature authoritarian disobedient undemocratic untidy

Functions

ASKING FOR OPINION

• What do you think about… ? 
• What’s your opinion about… ?
•  how do you feel about… ?

• Where do you stand on the question of… ?
• What’s your reaction about… ?

• What are your views on...?

• What are your views on...?

GIVING OPINION

• I think...
• As far as I'm concerned,..
• To my mind,...
• According to me,...
• As I see it, ...
• It seems to me that...
• In my point of view / my opinion,....
• From my point of view...
• I am of the opinion that...
• I take the view that. ..
• My personal view is that...
• In my experience... 
• As far as I understand / can see/see it,...

AGREEING

• I agree with this opinion.
• I completely agree with this view.
• This is absolutely right.
• I couldn't / can't agree more.
• You’re absolutely right.
• I share the same opinion/idea.
• Ican’t agree more.

DISAGREEING

• I'm afraid. I can't agree with you.
• I disagree with you.
• I don't agree with you.
• I'm not sure I agree with you
• I think you're wron

PARTIALLY AGREEING

• I agree with this point of view, but...
• This idea is right, but...
• I agree with you, but...
• You’re right, but…

GRAMMAR

Gerund or Infinitive

One of the difficulties of the English language is that some verbs are followed by the gerund (ex : doing) and others are followed by the infinitive (ex : to do). Other verbs, however, can be followed by both.

Generally speaking we can use the following rules:

			Examples		Rules		Explanations
					Often we use the gerund		1. I enjoy myself at the
			1. I enjoy playing		for an action that happens
	Verb + gerund				before or at the same		time of playing.
			2. I denied stealing				2. I deny having stolen
					time as the action of the		anything before.
					main verb.
							1. Visiting my uncle was an
	Verb +		1. I decided to visit my		Often we use the infinitive		action of my decision. It
			uncle		for actions that follow the		comes after.
	infinitive
			2. I want to go out		action of the main verb.		2. What I want (now) is to
							go out (after/later)

These rules are helpful but DO NOT always explain all uses of gerunds and infinitives.

Verbs that can be followed by a gerund (ex: doing)

1- After verbs that express likes/dislikes :

·         like

·         love

·         enjoy

·         dislike

·         hate

·         don't mind

·         can't stand

·         can't bear

Example:

" I like playing soccer but I hate boxing."

2- After certain other verbs, such as :

·         admit

·         appreciate

·         allow

·         avoid

·         advise

·         consider

·         deny

·         delay

·         understand

·         finish

·         fancy

·         go (in go swimming)

·         involve

·         keep

·         mention

·         mind

·         stop

·         waste time/money

·         imagine

·         involve

·         keep (on)

·         mention

·         miss

·         postpone

·         permit

·         practice

·         suggest

·         resist

·         reject

·         risk

·         can't help

·         can't stand

Example:

" I suggest going to the theater."

3- After prepositions :

interested in ...

instead of ...

good at ...

before ...

after ...

Example:

"I am interested in collecting stamps."

"After playing football I drank an orange juice".

4- After certain expressions :

it's no use ...

it's no good ...

there's no point in ...

I can't help...

I don't mind...

I can't stand/bear...

Example:

" It's no use convincing him to revise his lessons. He's so stubborn."

Verbs that can be followed by an infinitive ( ex : to do)

1- After verbs that refer to a future event:

·         want

·         hope

·         aim

·         intend

·         arrange

·         attempt

·         promise

·         be determined

·         plan

·         consent

·         decide

·         demand

·         deserve

·         determine

·         endeavor

·         expect

·         offer

·         proceed

·         promise

·         threaten

·         swear

·         volunteer

·         want

·         would like

·         would hate

·         would love

Example:

" I want to finish my work early.

2- After certain other verbs, such as:

·         afford

·         agree

·         help

·         choose

·         fail

·         happen

·         refuse

·         manage

·         need

·         seem

·         learn

·         choose

·         pretend

Example:

"She refused to forgive him."

3- After adjectives :

·         glad

·         pleased

·         disappointed

Example:

"I'm glad to know that you passed the exam." "I'm pleased to meet you."

"I'm disappointed to hear that you flunked maths."

4- After "too" & "enough":

too difficult easy enough

Example:

"It's too difficult to convince him to be helpful."

" But it's easy enough to fool him to get what you want."

Verbs that can be followed by both an infinitive and a gerund:

Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive. Here are some examples:

·         start

·         begin

·         stop

·         remember...

Example:

"I started smoking when I was young."

"I started to smoke when I left the office."

Using Gerunds or infinitives

One of the difficulties of the English language is to know whether to use a gerund  (ex : doing) or an infinitive (ex : to do).

Generally speaking we can use the following rules:

Examples		Rules	Explanations
Verb + gerund	1. I enjoy playing 2. I denied stealing	Often we use the gerund for an action that happens before or at the same time as the action of the main verb.	1. I enjoy myself at the time of playing. 2. I deny having stolen anything before.
Verb + infinitive	1. I decided to visit my uncle 2. I want to go out	Often we use the infinitive for actions that follow the action of the main verb.	1. Visiting my uncle was an action of my decision. It comes after. 2. What I want (now) is to go out (after/later)

These rules are helpful but DO NOT always explain all uses of gerunds and infinitives.

Verbs commonly followed by a gerund

1- After verbs that express likes/dislikes :

·         like

·         love

·         enjoy

·         dislike

·         hate

Example:

" I like playing soccer but I hate boxing."

Note "like/love/hate..." can be also followed by an infinitive:

Example:

I like to watch TV in the evening.

2- After verbs  such as : 

Verbs	Examples
admit	He admitted stealing the wallet.
advise	I wouldn't advise buying a used car.
allow	They don't allow smoking here. (Note that when an object is introduced an infinitive is used instead of a gerund: they allowed us to leave early.)
anticipate	He anticipated passing the exam.
avoid	She avoided meeting him.
appreciate	I appreciate working with you.
complete	They completed building their house.
consider	She considered starting a new business.
delay	She delayed doing her homework.
deny	He denied stealing the money.
fancy	Fancy meeting you here!
finish	She finished writing the letter.
go	go swimming.
imagine	He imagines meeting her.
involve	the job involves working in teams.
keep	He keeps complaining about his girlfriend.
mention	He mentioned working in that company.
mind	Would you mind helping me?
miss	He misses talking to her.
permit	The don't permit smoking here. (Note that, like allow, when an object is introduced an infinitive is used instead of a gerund: they permitted us to leave early.)
postpone	They postponed traveling to Japan.
practice	She practiced painting.
reject	He rejected working with them.
resist	He couldn't resist eating the cake.
risk	She risks losing her job.
suggest	I suggest leaving early.
waste time/money	Don't waste my time complaining.

3- After prepositions

·         aim at

·         keep on

·         interested in    

·         instead of

·         good at

·         before ...

·         after ...

Example:

"I am interested in collecting stamps."
"After playing football I drank an orange juice".

4- After some expressions :

·         It's no use ...

·         It's no good ...

·         There's no point in ...

·         I can't help...

·         I don't mind...

·         I can't stand/bear...

" It's no use convincing him to meet her. "

Verbs that can be followed by an infinitive

1- After verbs that  generally refer to a future event:

Verbs	Examples
afford	We can't afford to buy a new car.
agree	She agreed to help him.
aim	The government aims to reduce illiteracy rates
arrange	He arranged to stay at a hotel.
attempt	He attempted to join them.
choose	He chose to stay at home.
consent	She consented to marry him.
decide	They decided to go to the movies.
deserve	He deserves to be punished.
demand	He demanded to speak to Mrs. Lynch
endeavor	They endeavor to provide the best possible service
expect	They expected to arrive early.
fail	He failed to convince him.
happen	They happened to be at the theatre when we met them.
help	She helped me to do the exercise. (Note, help is also followed by a bare infinitive: She helped me do the exercise.)
hope	I hope to join you as soon as possible.
intend	She intends to write an autobiography.
learn	He learned to play the guitar when he was young.
manage	He managed to do his homework without his mother's help.
need	I need to find a job.
offer	He offers to help us.
plan	He plans to follow a career as an engineer.
pretend	The child pretended to be asleep.
proceed	He proceeded to show us how to use the machine.
promise	She promised to come on time.
refuse	She refused to forgive him.
seem	He seemed to be unhappy.
swear	I swear to tell the truth.
threaten	He threatened to reveal her secret.
volunteer	He always volunteers to help the needy.
want	I want to finish my work early.
would hate	He would hate to lose.
would like	He would like to drink a cup of tea.
would love	I would love to meet you.

2- After adjectives

·         be determined

·         be disappointed

·         be glad

·         be happy

·         be pleased 

Examples:

"I'm glad to know that you passed the exam." 
"I'm pleased to meet you."
"I'm disappointed to hear that you flunked maths."

3- After "too" & "enough":

too difficult
easy enough

Example:

"It's too difficult to convince him to be helpful." 
" But it's easy enough to fool him to get what you want."

Verbs that can be followed by both an infinitive and a gerund:

Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive. Here are some examples:

·         start

·         begin

·         stop

·         remember...

Example:

"I started smoking when I was young."
"I started to smoke when I left the office."

The infinitive

What is the infinitive?

The infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle to:

Examples:

• 'do' or 'to do'
• 'be' or 'to be'

The infinitive without to is called bare infinitive ('do', 'be')

The infinitive with to is called full infinitive ('to do', 'to be')

The bare infinitive

1.    The bare infinitive is used as the main verb after the dummy auxiliary verb do, or most modal auxiliary verbs (such as will, can, or should..)
Examples:
I do know him 
I do like you.
I can do it .

2.    Several common verbs of perception, including see, watch, hear, feel, and sense take a direct object and a bare infinitive.
Examples:
I saw it happen
I watched it happen

3.    The bare infinitive is also used with several common verbs of permission or causation, including make, bid, let, and have. 
Example:
I made/bade/let/had him do it. 
(However, make takes a to-infinitive in the passive voice.
I was made to do it.

4.    The bare infinitive is also used after had better.
Example:
You had better leave now

5.    The verb help is followed by the bare infinitive. 
Example:
He helped them do it. ("He helped them to do" it is also possible)

6.    With the word why. 
Example:
Why say it?

The full infinitive

The full infinitive is used as follows:

• The full infinitive can function as a noun phrase. In this case it is used as follows.
• as a subject

• Examples:

• To err is human, to forgive is divine.
• as an object.

• Examples:

• I intended to marry her. 
  He wanted to know the whole truth.
• It can also be used like an adjective or adverb.

• Examples:

• This is the game to watch. (to watch functions as an adjective, modifying the noun game) 
  This is the problem to think about. (to think about functions as an adjective modifying the noun 'the problem') 
  He went to his friend's house to study. (to study functions as an adverb answering the question why he went to his friend's house)
  He is ready to go. (to go functions as an adverb, modifying the adjective 'ready'.)
• It is used to mean "in order to" to express purpose 

• Examples:

• You need to exercise regularly to lose weight. (...in order to lose weight)
  He works hard to earn a lot of money. (...in order to earn a lot of money)

 EXERCISE

CHOOSE THE RIGHT FORM OF THE VERB

1.  I am keen on work/to work/working in the computer industry.

2.  Amy decided see/to see/ seeing a doctor.

3.  Leila enjoys read/to read/reading love stories.

4.  Do you intend learn/to learn/learning Italian or English?

5.  Do you mind help/to help/helping me wash the dishes?

6.  Alan asked talk/to talk/talking to the boss.

7.  I can't help laugh/to laugh/laughing when I watch Mr Been.

8.  If Sara keeps come/to come/coming to work late, she'll have problems with the boss.

9.  Liza hates study/o study/studying Maths.

10.  Are you interested in live/to live/living in Africa ?

تصنيف : انجليزية