السبت، 29 أبريل 2017
نهايات الدوال - الترتيب - العمليات على الدوال
: نهايات الدوال - الترتيب - العمليات على الدوال
: إشارة حدانية - إشارة و تعميل ثلاثية الحدود
الفروع اللانهائية :
الجمعة، 28 أبريل 2017
Brain Drain:
Vocabulary
This is a list
of vocabulary items related to brain drain
Brain:
a. The portion of the head which
is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities,
receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to
the muscles and body organs. It is also the seat of consciousness, thought,
memory, and emotion.
b. Intellectual ability; mind: a dull brain; a quick brain.
c. Intellectual power; intelligence. Often used in the plural: "he has brains and good looks."
d. A highly intelligent person."He's such a brain"
b. Intellectual ability; mind: a dull brain; a quick brain.
c. Intellectual power; intelligence. Often used in the plural: "he has brains and good looks."
d. A highly intelligent person."He's such a brain"
Brain drain:
A large emigration
of individuals with technical skills or knowledge, normally due to conflict,
lack of opportunity, political instability, or health risks.
Human capital
flight:
Another
terminology for brain drain. It is a parallel
of capital flight which refers to
the same movement of financial capital. It describes the emigration of
"scientists and technologists" to North America and Europe from
different developing countries.
Brain training:
Preparing highly
skilled people needed for the development of a country. Brain
training is related to an economic cost since training is
sponsored by the government.
Brain gain:
Brain gain occurs when there
is a large-scale immigration (as opposed to emigration) of technically
qualified persons. We can talk of highly skilled people coming to Canada as brain
gain as opposed to brain
drain which refers to
the act of leaving their home country.
Brain exchange:
When the highly
skilled people leave a country they are replaced by others coming from other
countries. This exchange usually happens between developed countries.
Brainless:
Stupid. "A brainless idiot."
Brainy:
Clever.
"She's a brainy child."
Emigration:
When someone
leaves a country permanently and go to live in another one:
"Millions of Germans emigrated from Europe to America in the nineteenth century."
The person who emigrates is an emigrant.
"Millions of Germans emigrated from Europe to America in the nineteenth century."
The person who emigrates is an emigrant.
Immigration:
When someone comes to live in a
different country.
There are strict limits on immigration (into the country)
The person who immigrates is an immigrant.
There are strict limits on immigration (into the country)
The person who immigrates is an immigrant.
Highly-qualified:
Highly skilled,
technically qualified people.
Developing
country:
A poor or non
industrial country that is seeking to develop its resources by
industrialization. It has a relatively low standard of living, an undeveloped
industrial base, and a moderate to low Human Development Index (HDI) score.
Developed
country:
A country advanced
in industrial capability, technological sophistication, and economic
productivity. Modern terms synonymous with the term developed
country include: "industrialized
countries, more
developed countries (MDC) more economically
developed countries(MEDC), advanced country or post-industrial
country."
Functions
Expressing Wish and Regret
EXPRESSING
WISH
Form:
Example:
If only I had
a million dollar. (I don’t a million dollar and I would like to be a
millionaire)
Use:
·
To express a wish in
the present or in the future.
·
The
simple past here is an unreal past.
·
When you use the verb
to be the form is “were”.
Example:
I wish I were
rich!
EXAMPLES
·
I wish I lived in San
Francesco.
· If only I traveled to Australia.
EXPRESSING
REGRET
Form:
Example:
If only I had passed
the exam. (I didn't work hard, so I
didn’t pass the exam.)
Use:
·
To express a regret.
·
The action is past.
EXAMPLES
·
I wish I had been
careful while driving.
·
If only I had told him
the truth.
Grammar
Relative Clauses
Relative clauses
Relative Clauses are used to provide extra
information. This information can either:
·
define something (defining clause),
Example:
The man who is wearing
a black jacket is a police officer.
·
or provide
unnecessary, but interesting information (non-defining clause).
Example:
Lady Gaga, who is a
famous singer, is appreciated by a lot of teenagers.
Relative clauses can be introduced by:
1.
A relative pronoun: who, whom, which, that, whose.
Example: "The man who is standing there is a famous
writer."
2. A relative adverb:
where, why and when.
Example: " The restaurant where I
have dinner is nice."
3.
None of them.
Example: "The man I met is extremely wealthy"
Relative Pronouns
who - subject or object pronoun for people They arrested the man who broke into the bank.
which - subject or object pronoun I read the book which is you had told me about.
which - referring to a whole sentence They offered me help which I appreciated a lot.
which - subject or object pronoun I read the book which is you had told me about.
which - referring to a whole sentence They offered me help which I appreciated a lot.
whom - used for object pronoun for people, especially in
non-restrictive relative clauses (in restrictive relative clauses use who) The girl whom you showed me yesterday joined our
club.
that - subject or object pronoun
for people, animals and things in restrictive relative clauses (who
or which are also possible) I like the poem that you wrote.
Relative adverbs
where - referring to a place The café where
I usually go is nice.
when - referring to a time Valentine’s Day is a day when lovers exchange gifts.
why - referring to a reason This is why I wrote this book.
why - referring to a reason This is why I wrote this book.
Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?
You can distinguish subject and object pronouns as
follows:
·
If
the relative pronoun is not followed by a noun or pronoun, it is a subject pronoun. Subject relative pronouns can never be omitted (dropped.)
Example: The apple which is lying on the table is
sweet. The teacher who lives
next door is nice.
NOT The apple is lying on the table is sweet. The teacher lives next door is nice.
NOT The apple is lying on the table is sweet. The teacher lives next door is nice.
·
If
the relative pronoun is followed by a noun or pronoun, the relative pronoun is
an object pronoun. Object relative
pronouns can be omitted (dropped) in restrictive (defining) relative clauses.
Example: The film (which) we watched yesterday was
fantastic.
The writer (who/whom) we met last weekend is
very famous.
Science and technology
Vocabulary
Science and
technology vocabulary
This is a list of vocabulary items related to science
and technology for English learners.
Technhology:
1. The application of science, especially to industrial
or commercial objectives.
2. The scientific method and material used to achieve a commercial or industrial objective.
2. The scientific method and material used to achieve a commercial or industrial objective.
Science:
1.The observation, identification, description,
experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena.
2.Knowledge, especially knowledge that is gained through experience.
2.Knowledge, especially knowledge that is gained through experience.
Scientific discipline:
A particular
branch of scientific knowledge such as social science, natural science,
mathematics ...
Scientific / technological advances:
There have been
enormous scientific and technological advances in the last decade.
Computer age:
The current era as
characterized by the development, applications, and socio-political
consequences of computer technology.
Computer addiction:
An obsessive
addiction to computer use sometimes known as Dependency.
"Spending too much time in front of the computer can lead to computer addiction."
"Spending too much time in front of the computer can lead to computer addiction."
Technological tools:
"Technological
tools such as the computer,robot, telescopes, space crafts,
nuclear energy, satellite... have changed our life styles."
Information / communication technology:
The development,
installation, and implementation of computer systems and applications.
"Information technology can be a valuable means of development."
"Information technology can be a valuable means of development."
Space technology:
Space technology is related to
entering space, maintaining and using systems during flights and returning
people and things from space.
Scientific experiments:
A method of
investigating particular types of research questions or solving particular
types of problems. The experiment is a cornerstone in the empirical approach to
acquiring deeper knowledge about the world and is used in both natural sciences
as well as in social sciences. An experiment is defined, in science, as a
method of investigating less known fields, solving practical problems and
proving theoretical assumptions.
" More sophisticated technologies are necessary for scientific experiments."
" More sophisticated technologies are necessary for scientific experiments."
Digital divide:
The gap between
those with regular, effective access to digital and information
technology, and those without it."It's alarming to see that the digital
divide between the poor countries and the rich countries is
getting deeper and deeper.
Certainty and Uncertainty
EXPRESSING CERTAINTY
When you are sure that something will or will not happen in the future,
use these expressions. For example to the question:"Will John pass the exam?" you may respond as follows:
absolutely sure
|
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I'm
|
quite
sure
|
he will.
|
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certain
|
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Yes,
|
positive
|
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definitely.
|
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certainly.
|
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of
course.
|
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or
|
|||||||||||
absolutely sure
|
|||||||||||
I'm
|
quite
sure
|
he won't.
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certain
|
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No,
|
positive
|
||||||||||
definitely not.
|
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certainly
not.
|
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of
course not.
|
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EXPRESSING UNCERTAINTY
When you are not sure whether something or someone will or will not happen, use the
following expressions. For example, to the question:
|
Well
|
it's possible, it's
impossible, it might be, it might not be, it could happen,
|
|
|
You never know of course, no
one can know for certain. I can't tell you for sure.
|
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I suppose,
|
but
|
I wouldn't like to say for
certain. I'm not sure I doubt it. I have my own doubts. It’s doubtful.
It's highly / very unlikely
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